In payroll we tend to use the terms EFT, ACH and EDI interchangeably. But in actual practice they are quite different. To help explain these important differences the National Automated Clearing House Association or NACHA has provided some guidance on their April 29, 2019 blog, written by Rober Unger. It is helpful to payroll professionals to understand these terms and use them correctly. I found this blog extremely helpful and I hope you do to.
payroll practice
The Social Security Wage Base Projections Are Here!
Every year we, in payroll, wait in anticipation for the social security (OASDI) wage base to be announced. This basically heralds in the year end/year beginning processing time. But for some, maybe those responsible for employment tax budgets or financial reports, the wage bases for future years is a handy thing to have all at once and not just wait for it at the end of the year. For this reason, the Social Security Administration (SSA) publishes their estimates for the social security wage base each year. The years 2020-2028 are included in this year’s 2019 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. The SSA provides three estimates, high, intermediate and low. For example, for 2019, the actual wage base is $132,900. However, the 2018 report projected $132,300 to $136,800. The following chart lists the projections estimated by SSA (on page 115 of the report) for calendar years 2020 through 2028:
We still have to wait until October or so for the actual 2020 wage base, but the estimates can be useful in predicting future labor costs.
Reminder: Keep up with the payroll news by subscribing to Vicki’s e-news alerts, Payroll 24/7. The latest payroll news when you need it, right to your inbox.
A Fresh Approach to Payroll Training is Coming Your Way!
I am proud to announce that I am once again offering training webinars but this time with a fresh approach. We are an approved provider by the American Payroll Association (APA). This means that my training can earn you RCHs as well as enhance your education. But my training will be different than the usual fare that you get for webinars, even the ones I conduct for other vendors. Instead of just listening, my webinars or “lectures” as I call them, will be interactive. Let me explain how this works. I am an adjunct faculty member at Brandman University and 
am responsible for their Practical Payroll Online program. I do all of the materials for the program as well as teach the courses. Each year I record various topical lectures for my students to use in each of the five courses. These “lectures” are provided live to the students at a certain date and time and are recorded using the Zoom software Brandman provides. Students may attend the live event or may choose to view the recorded version, it is up to them. Because these are related to the course work, they include more interaction than standard or traditional webinars. For example, you can ask questions at any time during the lecture just as you would in a live classroom setting. You may have forms to complete (such as the lecture on the Form 941 or Form W-2) or you may have calculations to perform for the child support lecture. Each lecture is a full two hours, so more time to devote to the information and to related questions.
Students enrolled in the Brandman program are permitted to attend the lectures for free and do not receive RCHs. However, I have had numerous requests to provide payroll training that gives RCHs so this is how I have decided to offer that training to my non-students. I will post the latest lecture on my website. All lectures are during normal business hours and usually held on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday. I cannot offer these lectures for free. There is a fee for APA certification, but I want to keep the costs within everyone’s budgets. The introductory cost will be $99 per lecture per attendee. That is two RCHs for less than $100 and no sales pitches or follow-ups about buying anything. You may sign up with a personal email or with your business email, whichever you prefer. And you don’t need to worry about getting your questions answered. Since this is still a “class-room” style setting I am limited to only 20 additional attendees per lecture. So you won’t be lost in the multitude of other attendees vying for attention.
I will be offering our first lectures in May on Travel Pay, Child Support, Multistate Taxation, and Wage and Hour Law. June’s lectures will include Cali
fornia Wage and Hour Law, Tax Levies and Creditor Garnishments, Payroll Procedures, and Abandoned Wages. As each lecture is approved by the APA it will be posted to our website and open for registration. You simply pay online for the lecture and you will receive all the info for how to log into the classroom on the day of the lecture within two business days of registering. After the lecture, your Certificate of Attendance will be issued once we verify you have completed all the required time in the classroom, the required APA polls, and the survey, usually within 2 weeks after the lecture.
Unfortunately, although the lectures are recorded for use on the Brandman website, I cannot offer the lecture as an on-demand product or after the fact electronic version. Only live attendees will be accepted. But you always have the option of signing up for the Brandman course which features the lecture and if you complete the tests and quizzes can receive up to 8 RCHs for $200 per course for APA members. One more way to earn RCHs at a low price.
We are very excited to be offering this learning opportunity to our social media network. We hope you find our lectures informative and useful. Further announcements for exact dates and topics will be coming.
New DOL Wage and Hour Opinion Letters Have Been Delivered. Let’s Look Inside…
The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) announced on March 14th, that they had released new opinion letters on their website. These letters address the compliance issues related to the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Before we review the new opinion letters for the FLSA, let’s do a quick review of what exactly is an opinion letter.
The Wage and Hour Division issues guidance primarily through Opinion Letters, Ruling Letters, Administrator Interpretations, and Field Assistance Bulletins. They are provided on the DOL website.
An interpretation or ruling issued by the Administrator interpreting the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), the Davis-Bacon Act (DBA), or the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act (PCA) is an official ruling or interpretation of the Wage and Hour Division for purposes of the Portal-to-Portal Act. 29 U.S.C. § 259. Such rulings provide a potential good faith reliance defense for actions that may otherwise constitute violations of the FLSA, DBA, or PCA. Prior rulings and interpretations are affected by changes to the applicable statute or regulation so an employer should always periodically review any relevant opinion letters that it uses as a basis for a policy to ensure that changes have not occurred. From time to time the DOL updates its interpretations in response to new information, such as court decisions, and may withdraw a ruling or interpretation in whole or in part.
Now on to the new letters just recently issued.
FLSA2019-1: This opinion letter clarifies the FLSA wage and recordkeeping requirements for residential janitors and the “good faith” defense. Discusses what to do if the FLSA and state requirements do not match. In this case the state of New York did not consider the employee subject to minimum wage and overtime but the FLSA does.
FLSA2019-2: Addresses the FLSA compliance related to the compensability of time spent participating in an employer-sponsored community service program.
I always encourage employers to use the opinion letters when formulating policy. If you don’t see an opinion letter that addresses your issue, you may ask for one to be issued on that policy or question by submitting the request online. Of course, not all requests submitted result in an opinion letter being issued. Or it may be issued but as a non-administrative letter which holds less weight. But it doesn’t hurt to ask!
Reminder: Keep up with the payroll news by subscribing to Vicki’s e-news alerts, Payroll 24/7. The latest payroll news when you need it, right to your inbox.
Salary Levels Are Rising (Or Are They?) …It’s Still Anyone’s Guess …But We ARE Getting Closer!
On March 7, 2019, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) issued a news update concerning the new salary levels for employees to qualify for the Executive, Administrative, and Professional exemptions under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The news update acknowledges that the currently salary level of $455 per week, in effect since 2004, needs to be increased but not to the 
level that was required by the Obama Administration in 2016 ($913 per week). The Department is proposing to adopt a salary level that uses a clear and predictable methodology for employees and that will also comply with the FLSA and the recent court decisions concerning the Obama Administrations regulations that were invalidated by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The rule was submitted on Appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit but was being held in suspension.
This rulemaking proposes to rescind the 2016 rule formally and replace it with this current rule. The same methodology is being used as in the 2016 rule. The level is set at approximately the 20th percentile of earnings for full-time salaried workers in the lowest region (South). Applying the 2017 data and projecting forward to January 2020 (when the rule should be effective) this results in a proposed standard salary level of $679 per week or $35,308 per year. However, the Department anticipates using the 2018 data in developing the final rule.
One holdover from the 2016 Obama Administration rule is the ability to count nondiscretionary bonuses and incentive payments (including commissions) to satisfy up to 10 percent of the standard salary level test. These bonuses must be paid annually or more frequently. The new rule will incorporate these types of bonuses.
The DOL is not proposing any changes to the standards duties tests at this time.
For employees who are exempt under the Highly Compensated Employee test, this level will be increasing as well. The 2016 rule increased that $100,000 threshold to $134,004. This new rule, using the same methodology of the 90th percentile for full-time salaried employees nationally as the 
2016 ruling is projecting that the final level will be $147,414 for 2020.
The automatic updates contained in the 2016 rule will not be adopted. Instead the DOL proposes to update the earnings thresholds every four years to prevent the levels from, once again, becoming outdated.
The DOL is now conducting a 60-day comment period on the new rule. Click here to read the new proposed rule. The address to comment is on page 2 of the report.
We will see where the rule stands after the 60-day comment period. Until then we just wait…
I invite your comments… what do you think of the new level?
Reminder: Keep up with the payroll news by subscribing to Vicki’s e-news alerts, Payroll 24/7. The latest payroll news when you need it, right to your inbox.
With Higher Minimum Wages Can Come Higher Penalties
As my Payroll 24/7 subscribers found out today, Illinois is increasing its minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by the 2025. But the bill, Senate Bill 1, also increases the penalties for failure to follow
the new requirements. One of blogs that I follow, Wage & Hour Insights has an excellent post on this very issue. I urge you to take a moment to read Bill Pokorny’s blog on the new Illinois minimum wage violations penalties, Stiff New Employer Penalties Included in Illinois $15 Minimum Wage Law. It is an excellent source on the new requirements.
Taxpayer Advocate Annual Report: Payroll is Upfront and Center in this Year’s Recommendations
The Taxpayer Advocate Service is an independent organization within the IRS. Its purpose is to ensure that every taxpayer is treated fairly and to help taxpayers know and understand their rights. The current Taxpayer Advocate is Nina Olson. Each year the National Taxpayer Advocate (NTA) releases their Annual Report to Congress. This report describes the challenges the IRS is facing. 
Federal law requires that the NTA’s annual report identify at least 20 of the most serious problems encountered by taxpayers and to make administrative and legislative recommendations to mitigate those problems. The following are the highlights of this year’s recommendations that affect payroll:
- Alternative to Form W-4: The report recommends scraping the Form W-4 altogether and analyzing the feasibility of adopting an IRS-determined withholding code. This approach is currently being utilized in the U.S. tax administration. It also recommends that withholding be expanded at the source to encompass not only wages, but taxable interest, pensions, dividends, capital gains, IRS income, unemployment and even, potentially, certain earnings as an
independent contractor. - Furnishing Information Returns Electronically: Information return data to taxpayers should be furnished electronically for direct importation into tax return preparation software or to authorized tax return preparers.
- Lower Electronic Filing Thresholds: The report recommends requiring employers with more than five employees to file Forms W-2 electronically.
- Form 941 Filing: Recommends requiring Form 941 contain information about each employee’s name, address and social security number. To promote electronic filing, direct the IRS to use the fillable form currently on the IRS website and reformat so the form can be electronically filed, at no cost, directly from the website.
- Effects of the new tax law and the shutdown on overall IRS workloads: With all of the new tax forms needed to incorporate the changes to the tax code the IRS was overwhelmed. Add to this the shutdown and the antiquated systems (IRS has two of the oldest IT systems in the federal government) and you have a recipe for potential disaster. Because of these issues the IRS is now having to process more than five million pieces of mail and over 87,000 amended returns. All manually. IT modernization was the number one recommendation in this report.
Whether or not the recommendations are implemented is anybody’s guess. But as the situation is becoming more intense at the IRS for meeting deadlines and handling the workload with antiquated systems it will be well remembered to monitor this report for any upcoming legislative changes. Especially in the area of electronic filing, lowering thresholds and replacing the Form W-4.
Reminder: Keep up with the payroll news by subscribing to Vicki’s e-news alerts, Payroll 24/7. The latest payroll news when you need it, right to your inbox.
Average vs. Weighted Average When It Comes to Calculating Overtime Rates–Another Use for Algebra!
Calculating overtime is always tricky. What rate is the “regular rate of pay” as required by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is a question that must be answered each time for each calculation. What can make this even more difficult is when the employee works at more than one rate in the workweek. What rate do you use for the “regular rate of pay” if the employee has two or more hourly rates during the workweek? Can you simply average the different rates or is something more required? The Department of Labor recently addressed this situation in Opinion Letter FLSA 2018-28, dated December 21, 2018.
Facts of the letter: The employer in question wanted to determine if their compensation plan, which pays an average hourly rate that may vary from workweek to workweek, complies with the FLSA. It was concerned in both the area of minimum wage and calculating the overtime rate. The employer pays a different rate for when an employee is working with a client as opposed to when the employee is traveling between clients. It makes sure that the typical standard rate of pay is $10.00 per hour and if the employee works over 40 hours in any given workweek, they are paid overtime based on the $10.00 rate.
The DOL agreed that the employer followed the minimum wage requirement as the employer is paying well above the minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. However, the problem for the employer is with the rate used to calculate overtime. According to the letter:
…If the employer always assumes a regular rate of pay of $10 per hour when calculating overtime due, then the employer will not pay all overtime due to employees whose actual regular rate of pay exceeds $10 per hour. 29 C.F.R. § 778.107. Neither an employer nor an employee may arbitrarily choose the regular rate of pay; it is an “actual fact” based on “mathematical computation.” Walling v. Youngerman-Reynolds Hardwood Co., Inc., 325 U.S. 419, 424–25 (1945); 29 C.F.R. § 778.108. That said, the compensation plan does comply with the FLSA’s overtime requirements for all employees whose actual regular rates of pay are less than $10 per hour, as an employer may choose to pay an overtime premium in excess of the statutorily required amount.
So what rate should an employer use to calculate the overtime in situations where the employee is working two or more rates within the workweek? The rate is determined by what is known as a “weighted average” not an average of the rates. The DOL addresses this method in Fact Sheet #23: Overtime Pay Requirements of the FLSA. It reads as follows:
…Where an employee in a single workweek works at two or more different types of work for which different straight-time rates have been established, the regular rate for that week is the weighted average of such rates. That is, the earnings from all such rates are added together and this total is then divided by the total number of hours worked at all jobs. In addition, section 7(g)(2) of the FLSA allows, under specified conditions, the computation of overtime pay based on one and one-half times the hourly rate in effect when the overtime work is performed. The requirements for computing overtime pay pursuant to section 7(g)(2) are prescribed in 29 CFR 778.415 through 778.421.
Here is an example of a weighted average calculation: The employee has worked the following hours at the following rates for the workweek:
Step 1: To determine the weighted average the following calculations would be required:
Step 2: Divide the total earnings by the total hours worked to determine the regular rate of pay
$475.75 divided by 43 = $11.06 (regular rate of pay)
Step 3: Determine the premium pay for overtime by multiplying the regular rate of pay by .5 (or divide by 2) then multiplying that amount by the number of overtime hours
$11.06 x .5 x 3 = $16.59
Step 4: Determine the total weekly compensation by adding the total earnings (step 1) and the premium pay (step 3): $475.75 + $16.59 = $492.34. $492.34 is the total weekly compensation.
In closing, it must be remembered that it is the employer’s responsibility to ensure that the regular rate of pay used for overtime calculations is the correct one.
Warning: Once Again Payroll Professionals are Being Targeted by Scams
The Internal Revenue Service and its Security Summit partners have once again warned payroll professionals of an uptick in phishing emails targeting them that this time involve payroll direct deposit and wire transfer scams.
These business email compromise/business email spoofing (BEC/BES) tactics generally target all types of industry and employers. The IRS and the Summit partners, consisting of state revenue departments and tax community partners, are concerned these scams – a well as the Form W-2 scam — could increase as the 2019 tax season approaches.
These emails generally impersonate a company employee, often an executive, and are sent to payroll or human resources personnel. The email from the “employee” asks the payroll or human resource staff to change his or her direct deposit for payroll purposes.The “employee” provides a new bank account and routing number, but it is, in reality, controlled by the thief. Most of the time this scam is usually discovered quickly, but not before the victim has lost one or two payroll deposits.
As a reminder, we have discussed in a previous blog, there is another version of the BEC/BES scam, the emails impersonate a company executive and are sent to the company employee responsible for wire transfers. The email requests that a wire transfer be made to a specific account that is controlled by the thief. Companies that fall victim to this scam can lose tens of thousands of dollars.
A common theme in these and many other email scams is that they include grammatical and spelling mistakes.
The IRS has provided an example of one such email (edited by IRS) that is displayed at the top of this blog.
Payroll/Tax professionals and others should also report tax-related phishing emails to phishing@irs.gov. This account is monitored by IRS cybersecurity professionals.This reporting process also enables the IRS and Security Summit partners to identify trends and issue warnings. Because of the dangers to tax administration posed by the Form W-2 scam, the IRS set up a reporting process for employers. Employers who fall victim to the W-2 scam should report it at dataloss@irs.gov. There is a process employers can follow at Form W-2/SSN Data Theft: Information for Businesses and Payroll Service Providers. Employers who receive the W-2 scam email but do not fall victim should forward the email to phishing@irs.gov.
Paying Extra to Exempt Employees
I always seem to get questions this time of year about paying overtime or “extra pay” to exempt employees. Many departments or companies have this time of year as their busiest and want to make sure that exempt employees can earn extra monies during this time without endangering their exempt status or actually converting those employees to nonexempt. I want to refer my followers to a great blog by Bill Pokorny of Franczek Radelet written for the Wage and Hour Insights blog that answers this exact question. I hope you find it useful.